Gallstones (cholelithiasis)

Many individuals have gallstones that do not cause any symptoms. When symptomatic, however, they often cause pain and may predispose to infections of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) or obstructive jaundice (blockage of the bile duct). Another potential complication of gallstones, if left untreated, is pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas gland).

It may be possible to make a presumptive diagnosis on the story alone but usually an ultrasound scan is performed to confirm the diagnosis. If there is enlargement of the bile ducts, suggesting they contain a stone, an additional investigation may be required. This involves passing an endoscope (telescope) into the intestine and performing an x-ray test of the bile duct. This procedure may also allow release of the stones, relieving the obstruction.

Patients with symptomatic gallstones may be offered surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy). This can be performed using a laparoscope (keyhole surgery) or performed through a cut in the abdomen. Both procedures are performed under general anaesthetic. Although the hospital stay is usually slightly longer if the muscles are cut, patients usually make a full recovery in 4-6 weeks.